The Parisian club has now won the season-opening cup on fourteen different occasions.
The Parisian giants needed a dramatic leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight French Super Cup victory.
The European champions seemed to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the match between the French league winners and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring in the opening stages.
Yet, Marseille fired two times late to seize a surprise lead. Initially, Mason Greenwood scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking turn of events, the Portuguese striker grabbed a crucial equaliser in the dying seconds to send the match into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then stood as the key figure, stopping decisive kicks from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and Desire Doue all scored successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing shootout win.
The record winners PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now won this trophy for the 12th time in the last 13 years.